MIKROE-957 mikroElektronika, MIKROE-957 Datasheet - Page 18

• Manufacturer Part Number: MIKROE-957
• Description: Other Development Tools ASLK PRO ANALOG DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
• Manufacturer: mikroElektronika

Specifications of MIKROE-957

• Rohs: yes
• Product: Analog System Lab Kit PRO
• Tool Is For Evaluation Of: TL082, MPY634
• Operating Supply Voltage: 2.5 V to 5.5 V
• Description/function: Analog Lab Kit for Undergraduate Engineering
• Maximum Operating Temperature: + 125 C
• Minimum Operating Temperature: - 40 C

An OP-Amp [8] can be used in negative feedback mode to build unity gain amplifiers,
non-inverting amplifiers and inverting amplifiers. While an ideal OP-Amp is assumed
to have infinite open-loop gain and infinite bandwidth, real OP-Amps have finite
numbers for these parameters. Therefore, it is important to understand some
limitations of real OP-Amps, such as finite Gain-Bandwidth Product (
the slew rate and saturation limits of an operational amplifier are equally important.
Given an OP-amp, how do we measure these parameters?
Figure 1.1: An ideal Dual-Input, Single-Output OP-Amp and its I-O characteristic
Since the frequency and transient response of an amplifier are impacted by these
parameters, we can measure the parameters if we have the frequency and transient
response of the amplifier; you can obtain these response characteristics by applying
sinusoidal and square wave inputs respectively. We invite the reader to view the
recorded lecture [16].
An OP-Amp can be considered as a Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) with
the voltage gain tending towards infinity. For finite output voltage, the input
voltage is practically zero. This is the basic theory of OP-Amp in the negative
feedback configuration. Figure 1.1 shows a differential-input, single-ended-output
OP-Amp which uses dual supply
page 18
1.1 Brief theory and motivation
1.1.1 Unity Gain Amplifier
The goal of this experiment is two-fold. In the first part, we will understand
the application of negative feedback in designing amplifiers. In the second
part, we will build an instrumentation amplifier.
V
V
2
1
+V
-V
SS
SS
Goal of the experiment
V
o
= A
o
[V
1
-V
2
]
!Vss
for biasing.
V
V
T
GB
GB
T
Q
~
Q
p
~
~ ~
V
V GB
Q
p
V
V
V
V
V
A
_
dV
1
dt
0
1
0
0
p
p
p
s
s
0
0
=
=
=
=
-
=
1
=
=
=
$
2
0
-
=
"
=
=
A
V
1
`
1
V
V
T
_
GB
GB
T
~
2
V
V GB
1
V
_
A
Q
Q
p
~
~ ~
0
Q
p
~
_
1 4
V
V
V
V
2
dV
1
1
1
1
0
1
dt
2
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
+
+
Q
p
p
p
s
s
A
0
0
0
$
-
=
=
=
=
=
1
=
as A
+
+
=
+
=
=
GB
1
$
2
+
-
0
(
A
=
"
1
0
~
GB
=
1
V
Q
~
=
s
A
0
V
1
_
1
_
`
1
1
A
d
2
0
1
1 4
A
_
~
V
s
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
s GB
d
1
2
-
1
A
~
Q
0
0
+
1
+
$
i
0
A
$
0
0
=
A
+
as A
+
+
+
~
1
~
GB
+
(
A
0
GB
"
1
0
~
V
1
0
Q
V
s
1
~
Q
1
d
0
d
1
2
_
2
1
A
+
d
A
V
A
s
1
1
)
3
i
2
A
s GB
d
2
-
A
~
+
$
0
0
1
i
0
0
_
+
0
A
s A
+
~
1
~
"
0
V
0
s
1
Q
d
+
d
s A
1
2
+
2
1
GB
~
A
)
2
1
3
A
i
0
+
_
s
+
d
0
~
~
1
s A
2
1
0
s
0
~
+
d
~
s A
2
1
GB
2
~
+
d
GB
d
0
2
s
2
d
i
~
~
2
+
1
1
s A
0
~
d
0
~
). Similarly,
2
1
s GB
+
d
2
d
2
2
i
0
1
+
~
s A
d
s GB
2
2
+
0
$
~
~
s A
d
d
2
2
2
i j
+
$
~
s A
0
d
In OP-amps, closed loop gain A is frequency
dependent, as shown in the equation below, where
amp. This transfer function is typical OP-Amp that
has internal frequency compensation. Please view
2
the recorded lecture
frequency compensation.
We can now write the transfer function T for a unity-gain amplifier as,
The term
amplifier, is one of the most important parameters in OP-Amp negative feedback
circuit. The above transfer function can be rewritten as
In the above equations,
range 10
1.2. It is easy to see that,
~ ~
2
i j
V
V
T
GB
GB
T
Q
V
V
A
d
V
V
1
0
1
0
0
and
s
s
0
=
=
=
=
-
~ ~
d
=
=
=
2
=
"
i
d
1
=
A
V
1
1
_
`
_
5
1
1
1
d
1
0
2
V
V
1
T
GB
GB
T
Q
~
Q
2
V
V
V
V
A
+
+
to 10
i
A
0
1
0
0
are called the dominant poles of the OP-
$
s
s
=
0
as A
=
=
=
=
+
-
+
+
=
=
=
+
(
A
=
"
=
1
0
~
GB
=
1
V
A
V
1
`
~
1
s
_
_
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
_
2
1
1
1
A
d
+
+
6
V
A
s
A
$
=
as A
+
2
+
+
s GB
d
GB
-
+
V
V
(
T
A
GB
GB
T
Q
~
Q
and hence
A
A
1
0
~
~
GB
V
V
0
V
V
0
1
1
0
V
0
~
s
0
0
1
A
1
_
1
A
d
+
0
0
A
s
s
V
~
s
2
0
s GB
d
[17]
"
-
=
=
=
=
0
-
A
~
0
0
1
$
V
=
0
=
=
0
0
A
1
+
~
=
"
Q
~
, also known as the gain bandwidth product of the operational
=
1
0
d
"
2
V
+
0
1
A
1
=
Q
1
1
d
A
)
d
2
2
3
1
i
+
1
A
V
V
V
A
_
T
`
1
GB
GB
T
1
Q
V
V
)
A
V
V
3
i
_
A
+
+
to get to know more about
1
_
1
1
1
_
A
0
2
0
1
+
+
1
0
0
0
0
s A
s
s
1
s A
+
1
+
=
=
A
=
=
-
0
$
=
=
=
s
=
as A
+
+
+
+
s A
is the open-loop gain; for real amplifiers,
GB
=
"
s
V
+
GB
~
(
A
2
1
0
~
GB
+
s A
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
T
T
T
T
GB
GB
GB
GB
T
T
GB
GB
GB
1
GB
T
T
~
~
~
~
0
~
~
~ ~
~ ~
=
V
V
~
~
V GB
V GB
~ ~
~ ~
V
V
V GB
V GB
1
A
A
V
A
A
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
p
p
Q
Q
p
p
Q
Q
GB
p
p
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
A
s
~
s
d
~
V
V
V
V
2
V
1
~
~
1
_
`
2
0
1
_
1
1
c V
1
1
_
1
0
0
0
0
1
A
d
0
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
0
0
s
s
0
0
s
s
0
0
s
s
0
0
s
s
V
A
1
s
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
~
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
s
1
=
=
~
2
2
-
-
-
-
s GB
d
d
-
=
=
1
=
=
1
1
=
=
=
=
+
~
+
=
=
=
=
A
=
=
=
=
~
A
~
$
$
2
2
$
$
$
2
0
0
1
+
0
$
d
=
=
"
"
=
=
"
"
=
0
=
=
=
=
d
as A
+
2
+
1
+
A
2
0
+
~
2
+
i
(
=
=
A
~
=
=
1
0
~
GB
+
0
A
A
A
A
"
~
d
1
0
1
s A
~
V
V
V
V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
. A unity feedback circuit is shown in the Figure
V
_
_
V
`
`
_
_
`
`
s
0
1
2
2
~
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
Q
2
2
0
1
s GB
1
1
d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
_
1
0
0
0
0
d
2
2
2
2
2
1
A
+
1
1
1
1
d
1
1
1
1
A
2
V
d
s
+
A
1
Q
Q
d
2
Q
Q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
)
A
A
A
A
2
2
s GB
d
-
i
2
$
$
$
$
3
A
0
=
=
=
=
A
~
as A
as A
as A
as A
+
+
+
+
0
+
+
+
0
+
+
+
+
+
i
1
1
1
1
1
0
GB
GB
GB
GB
~
+
+
+
+
+
0
_
(
(
(
A
A
(
A
A
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
~
~
GB
GB
~
+
~
GB
A
GB
+
1
+
0
s A
1
1
1
1
~
s A
1
d
V
V
V
V
s
s
s
s
~
~
~
"
~
0
2
0
0
0
0
V
1
1
1
1
0
_
_
_
_
1
1
1
1
1
A
A
A
A
d
d
d
d
+
s
Q
A
A
A
A
s GB
$
V
V
V
V
s
s
s
s
1
d
2
+
2
2
s A
2
2
~
Analog System Lab Kit PRO
+
s GB
s GB
d
d
s GB
s GB
d
d
A
-
-
-
-
1
GB
1
A
A
A
)
A
~
~
~
~
$
$
$
$
~
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
i
s A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
A
d
A
A
A
A
2
+
+
~
~
+
+
~
~
+
0
2
_
0
i j
~
~
~
~
+
s
0
0
0
0
"
"
"
"
0
d
~
s A
1
~
V
V
V
V
~
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
Q
Q
Q
Q
d
d
d
d
1
1
1
1
d
d
d
d
1
2
2
2
2
0
s
+
+
+
+
2
2
2
0
2
A
A
A
A
1
1
1
1
d
1
1
+
1
1
s A
0
)
)
)
)
~
d
~ ~
~
3
3
A
A
i
i
3
3
A
i
A
i
2
2
GB
1
2
~
+
+
+
+
d
_
_
_
_
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
0
0
0
0
d
0
$
s A
s A
s A
s A
d
1
1
1
1
Figure 1.2:
A Unity Gain System
s
2
~
d
2
~
~
2
i
d
V
s
s
s
s
1
2
+
+
+
+
+
s A
s A
s A
s A
1
0
s A
s A
i
S
d
GB
GB
~
~
GB
GB
~
~
d
0
2
2
~
2
2
~
2
2
1
2
i j
s GB
0
0
0
0
+
s
s
s
s
d
d
d
d
d
d
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
i
0
0
0
0
0
+
~
~
~
~
d
d
d
d
0
0
0
0
1
s A
~
~
~
~
2
2
~
2
2
0
1
1
1
1
~ ~
+
+
+
+
s GB
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
i
i
i
i
d
+
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
+
s A
s A
s A
s A
0
$
~
~
A
s GB
s GB
s GB
s GB
d
0
V
s A
d
d
2
2
2
2
2
O
2
2
is in the
2
i
i j
0
0
0
0
+
$
~
~
~
~
~
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
d
d
d
d
s A
d
0
2
2
2
2
2
~ ~
2
+
+
+
+
i j
$
$
$
$
~
~
~
~
d
1
s A
s A
s A
s A
d
d
d
d
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
i j
i j
i j
i j
~ ~
d
2
i
d
1
0
0
0
0
~
~
~
~